Mekatilili Wa Menza

Image via HapaKenya

Mnyazi wa Menza, or Mekatilili Wa Menza (1860s-1924), emerges as a revered Kenyan independence activist, leading the Giriama people against colonial rule from 1912 to 1915. 

Her courageous stand and charismatic leadership galvanized the Giriama community in a spirited resistance. Mekatilili's legacy transcends time, leaving an indelible mark on Kenya's struggle for freedom. 

This compilation serves as a concise exploration of her revolutionary journey, offering insights into the enduring impact of Mekatilili wa Menza's pivotal role in shaping Kenya's history. 

For those eager to unravel the layers of this remarkable leader's life, welcome to a succinct overview of her profound contributions.

Early Life

Mekatilili wa Menza, born in the 1840s in Mutara wa Tsatsu Ganze village, Kilifi county, witnessed the transformation of her homeland under British colonial rule. 

The years leading up to her involvement in the political struggle (1912-1915) were marked by increasing economic pressure imposed by the Imperial British East African Company (IBEA) on the Giriama people. 

The imposition of "hut taxes" and strict control over vital trade in palm wine and ivory disrupted the region's economy. Mekatilili's personal history, including the kidnapping of her brother around 1870 for the slave trade, further fueled her resistance against colonial oppression.

The year 1885 brought the Berlin Treaty, strengthening the UK's economic influence, leading to the creation of the IBEA in 1896. 

The British East Africa Protectorate's colonial organization, marked by the construction of a Mombasa-to-Lake Victoria railroad, initiated a process of environmental exploitation and subjugation. Giriama's inhabitants, aware of impending threats, referred to the prophecy of Mepoho, anticipating the arrival of white men.

The resistance against British control had roots dating back to the late 19th century, but it intensified in 1913. British administrator Arthur Champion's assignment of headmen and councils to oversee Giriama territories signaled a radical shift, disrupting the established Elder Councils' traditional political discussions. 

The imposition of British-appointed chiefs represented a violent alteration to Giriama's way of life and organization, sparking Mekatilili's pivotal role in the fight against colonial forces.

Mekatilili’s Interaction with the British

Mekatilili wa Menza engaged in trade interactions with both Arabs and British in Malindi and the bustling market near Kilifi. 

Unfortunately, her disdain for foreigners stemmed from a personal tragedy – the capture of her brother, Mwarandu, by Arab slave merchants during one of her trading visits. 

This traumatic incident left an enduring psychological scar on her, fueling her resentment towards forced labor and oppression imposed by outsiders.

Originally wedded to Dyeka wa Duka in Bungale, Mekatilili actively participated in traditional women's groups like Hifudu and Makushekushe, eventually ascending to leadership roles. 

After her husband's demise, she gained newfound freedom as a woman leader, enabling her to move extensively and rally the community.

Possessing remarkable oratory skills, coupled with charisma and bravery, Mekatilili orchestrated public gatherings known as "baraza," inspiring men to take oaths and make sacrifices for the restoration of their sovereignty. 

In an intense encounter at a baraza in August 1913, Mekatilili clashed with British administrator Arthur Champion, demonstrating her defiance by slapping him, marking a bold act of resistance against colonial authority.

Rebellion

Mekatilili wa Menza's resistance was driven by economic and socio-cultural concerns deeply rooted in safeguarding the Giriama community. 

Fearing the exploitation of Giriama labor by colonial authorities, she aimed to ensure that her people remained within their territory, contributing solely to the welfare of the Giriama. 

Additionally, Mekatilili perceived the encroaching Western influence as a threat to the rich cultural heritage of the Giriama, intensifying her resolve to resist.

In a pivotal public meeting convened by colonial administrator Arthur Champion on August 13, 1913, Mekatilili boldly opposed his demands. 

Taking a verbal oath at the meeting, she declared her refusal to collaborate with or work for the colonial authorities. Mekatilili's agitation stemmed from her concern about the erosion of traditional Giriama culture, especially as a widow breaking the societal norm by actively participating in leadership.

Leveraging her position and beliefs in the traditional religion, Mekatilili, aided by the traditional medicine man Wanje wa Mwadori Kola, garnered support through the captivating performance of the kifudu dance. 

This dance, typically reserved for funerals, became a powerful symbol as Mekatilili toured towns, amassing a significant following.

A major turning point occurred at Kaya Fungo, where Mekatilili and Mwadori organized a large meeting. They administered the mukushekushe oath to women and the Fisi oath to men, solidifying a vow never to cooperate with colonial authorities. 

The colonial response was harsh, involving the seizure of Giriama land, the destruction of homes, and the obliteration of Kaya Fungo. This marked the onset of the Giriama Uprising, locally known as kondo ya chembe, ultimately unsuccessful.

Facing arrest on October 17, 1913, Mekatilili was exiled to Kisii in Nyanza Province. Despite colonial records suggesting her return after five years, some narratives propose that she escaped from Kisii, covering over 1,000 kilometers on foot back to Giriama. 

Subsequently arrested and sent to a prison in Kismayu, Somalia, she mysteriously escaped once again and returned home.

Mekatilili wa Menza passed away in 1924, finding her final resting place in Bungale, Magarini Constituency, Malindi District. Her legacy endures as a symbol of resistance against colonial oppression and a champion for the preservation of Giriama culture.

Final Thoughts

Mekatilili wa Menza, an indomitable force against colonial oppression, fiercely defended Giriama culture and sovereignty. 

Her resistance, fueled by economic concerns and a commitment to tradition, culminated in the unsuccessful Giriama Uprising. 

Arrested and exiled, Mekatilili's mysterious escapes showcased her unwavering spirit. Now resting in Bungale, her legacy persists as a symbol of defiance. 

Now you know everything you'd love to know about this remarkable leader, her struggles, and enduring impact on Kenyan history. 

What else do you know about Mekatilili wa Menza? 

Let me know in the comments.